. "Jingshi, Ming dynasty"@en . . . . . . . "Zhu Ying, Prince Zhuang of Su"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Haozhou, Henan Jiangbei province, Yuan dynasty"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hongwu (ur. 21 pa\u017Adziernika 1328, zm. 24 czerwca 1398) \u2013 pierwszy cesarz Chin (1368-1398) z dynastii Ming. Urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 jako Zhu Yuanzhang (chi\u0144. \u6731\u5143\u748B) w biednej rodzinie ch\u0142opskiej w prowincji Jiangsu w gminie . Poniewa\u017C rodzina g\u0142odowa\u0142a, cz\u0119\u015B\u0107 rodze\u0144stwa zosta\u0142a oddana przez rodzic\u00F3w. Gdy mia\u0142 16 lat reszta jego rodziny zgin\u0119\u0142a w wyniku powodzi Huang He. Znalaz\u0142 schronienie w klasztorze buddyjskim, kt\u00F3ry wkr\u00F3tce musia\u0142 opu\u015Bci\u0107 z powodu braku pieni\u0119dzy w klasztorze. Nast\u0119pnie podr\u00F3\u017Cowa\u0142 \u017Cebrz\u0105c o jedzenie. Po trzech latach wr\u00F3ci\u0142 do klasztoru, gdzie nauczy\u0142 si\u0119 czyta\u0107 i pisa\u0107. W 1352, gdy mia\u0142 24 lata, wojska mongolskiej dynastii zburzy\u0142y klasztor walcz\u0105c z miejscow\u0105 rebeli\u0105, jedn\u0105 z wielu w Chinach. Zhu przy\u0142\u0105czy\u0142 si\u0119 do jednej z nich szybko staj\u0105c si\u0119 przyw\u00F3dc\u0105 dzi\u0119ki swoim umiej\u0119tno\u015Bciom. Do\u0142\u0105czy\u0142 do powstania czerwonych turban\u00F3w, po\u015Blubi\u0142 c\u00F3rk\u0119 przyw\u00F3dcy powstania i w 1355, w wieku 27 lat zosta\u0142 dow\u00F3dc\u0105 armii ch\u0142opskiej. W 1366 zosta\u0142 wybrany na przyw\u00F3dc\u0119 powstania. Dwa lata p\u00F3\u017Aniej, w wyniku zwyci\u0119skiego marszu na Pekin si\u0119gn\u0105\u0142 po koron\u0119 cesarsk\u0105. W czasie swoich rz\u0105d\u00F3w prowadzi\u0142 polityk\u0119 polepszenia bytu ludu. Wprowadzone zosta\u0142y spisy w celu r\u00F3wnomiernego roz\u0142o\u017Cenia podatk\u00F3w. Zaleg\u0142e podatki dotycz\u0105ce biednych zosta\u0142y umorzone. Skonfiskowana ziemia arystokracji mongolskiej zosta\u0142 rozdzielona mi\u0119dzy ch\u0142op\u00F3w. Dzi\u0119ki pracom irygacyjnych rozwija\u0142o si\u0119 rolnictwo. U\u0142atwia\u0142 bezrolnym ch\u0142opom posiadanie ziemi. Wprowadzi\u0142 papierowy pieni\u0105dz. Po \u015Bmierci pochowano go w mauzoleum Ming Xiaoling ko\u0142o Nankinu."@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1"^^ . . . . . . . "1398"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hung2-wu3 ti4"@en . "Zhu Yuanzhang, Hongwu o Hung-wu \u2013en xin\u00E8s: \u6731\u5143\u748B\u2013 (21 de setembre de 1328 \u2013 24 de juny de 1398) fou l'emperador fundador de la dinastia Ming de la Xina. La dinastia va sorgir d'entre la dinastia Yuan, creada pels kan, \u00E9s a dir, l'Imperi Mongol. El primer Ming, doncs, fill de pagesos, aconsegueix el tron dels ex\u00E8rcits que varen conquistar la Xina i va acabar per fer recular els Yuan, i per conseg\u00FCent els mongols en la Revolta dels turbants vermells. Afirmant el mandat del cel, l'any 1368 estableix la seva pr\u00F2pia dinastia i impulsa una s\u00E8rie de reformes primordials que li permetran conservar el c\u00E0rrec durant molt de temps. En l'\u00E8poca on a les monarquies europees es comen\u00E7ava a contestar les reialeses, Hongwu va abolir el c\u00E0rrec de primer ministre de l'imperi i va revisar el codi legal per tal d'assegurar-se el poder absolut. El seu fill Yongle va usurpar el seu tron l'any 1403 i va prosseguir amb la dinastia."@ca . . . . . . . . . "\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D"@en . . . . . . . . "1398"^^ . . "1368"^^ . "\u00C2ng-b\u00FA t\u0113"@en . . "Hongwu"@ca . . . . . . . . . "COLONEL SIR HENRY YULE"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hongwu"@fr . . . . . ""@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Princess Baoqing"@en . "Lady Chen"@en . "1368-01-23"^^ . . "Friedrich Hirth"@en . "1328-10-21"^^ . . . "Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China"@en . . . ""@en . . . . . . . . . . . ""@en . "Hongwu Emperor"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Princess Daming"@en . . 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"Ukhaghatu Khan Toghon Tem\u00FCr"@en . . . "Princess Hanshan"@en . . . . "The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 \u2013 24 June 1398) Zhu Yuanzhang (Chinese: \u6731\u5143\u748B; Wade\u2013Giles: Chu Yuan-chang), was the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1368 to 1398. As famine, plagues and peasant revolts swept across China in the 14th century, Zhu Yuanzhang rose to command the forces that conquered China, ending the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and forcing the Mongols to retreat to the Eurasian Steppe. Zhu claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty at the beginning of 1368 and occupied the Yuan capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), with his army that same year. Trusting only his family, he made his many sons powerful feudal princes along the northern marches and the Yangtze valley. Having outlived his eldest son Zhu Biao, Hongwu enthroned Zhu Biao's son via a series of instructions. This ended in failure when the Jianwen Emperor's attempts to unseat his uncles led to the Jingnan Rebellion. The reign of the Hongwu Emperor is notable for his unprecedented political reforms. The emperor abolished the position of chancellor, drastically reduced the role of court eunuchs, and adopted draconian measures to address corruption. He also established the Embroidered Uniform Guard, one of the best known secret police organizations in imperial China. In the 1380s and 1390s a series of purges were launched to eliminate his high-ranked officials and generals; tens of thousands were executed. The emperor encouraged agriculture, reduced taxes, incentivized the cultivation of new land, and established laws protecting peasants' property. He also confiscated land held by large estates and forbade private slavery. At the same time, he banned free movement in the empire and assigned hereditary occupational categories to households. Through these measures, Zhu Yuanzhang attempted to rebuild a country that had been ravaged by war, limit and control its social groups, and instill orthodox values in his subjects, eventually creating a strictly regimented society of self-sufficient farming communities."@en . . . . . . . "Western Palace, Nanjing Imperial Palace, Shangyuan County, Yingtian Prefecture, Zhili, Ming dynasty"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Hongwu 31, 10th day of the 5th leap month"@en . . "Princess Lin'an"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Princess Ningguo"@en . . . . . . . . . . "The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 \u2013 24 June 1398) Zhu Yuanzhang (Chinese: \u6731\u5143\u748B; Wade\u2013Giles: Chu Yuan-chang), was the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1368 to 1398. As famine, plagues and peasant revolts swept across China in the 14th century, Zhu Yuanzhang rose to command the forces that conquered China, ending the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and forcing the Mongols to retreat to the Eurasian Steppe. Zhu claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty at the beginning of 1368 and occupied the Yuan capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), with his army that same year. Trusting only his family, he made his many sons powerful feudal princes along the northern marches and the Yangtze valley. Having outlived his eldest son Zhu Biao, Hongwu enthroned Zhu Biao's so"@en . . . . . . "1352"^^ . . . . . . . . "Zhu Yuanzhang, Hongwu o Hung-wu (\u6731\u5143\u748B), (, 21 de octubre, 1328- 24 de junio, 1398) fue el primer emperador y fundador de la dinast\u00EDa Ming de China, quien expuls\u00F3 a los mongoles e instaur\u00F3 exitosamente el sistema administrativo de los Ming, el cual perdurar\u00EDa casi tres siglos hasta la conquista manch\u00FA de 1644."@es . . "Zhu Xingzong"@en . . . . "\u0425\u0443\u043D\u044A\u0443"@ru . . . . . . . "1398-06-24"^^ . . . . . . . "Princess Ruyang"@en . . . . . . . . . "1368"^^ . . . . "1382"^^ . . . . . "Emperor Kaitian Xingdao Zhaoji Liji Dasheng Zhishen Renwen Yiwu Junde Chenggong G\u0101o"@en . . . "Zhu Yuanzhang"@en . "Princess Zhenyi of Yongjia"@en . "1364"^^ . 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\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062D\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062C\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u062C\u064A\u0634\u0647\u060C, \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0630\u0644\u0643 (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063A\u0648\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0628\u0646\u064A) (\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062A\u0647 \u062A\u0632\u0648\u062C\u062A \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062F\u0627\u0647\u0627\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0646 \"\u062C\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062C\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0634\u064A\u062C\u064A\u0646\u063A \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062C\u064A\u0646\u063A [\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645]\u060C \u0648\u0641\u064A \u062C\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u064A\u0648\u0646\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u063A\u062F\u0648\u0646\u063A\". \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062A\u0628 \u0634\u062E\u0635\u064A\u0627 100 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062F\u062D (\u0628\u0627\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0632\u0627\u0646) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064A \u0645\u062D\u0645\u062F."@ar . . . "C\u00EDsa\u0159 Chung-wu (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem Hongwu, znaky \u6D2A\u6B66; 21. \u0159\u00EDjna 1328 \u2013 24. \u010Dervna 1398), vlastn\u00EDm jm\u00E9nem \u010Cu J\u00FCan-\u010Dang (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem Zh\u016B\u200B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng, znaky \u6731\u5143\u748B), zn\u00E1m\u00FD t\u00E9\u017E pod chr\u00E1mov\u00FDm jm\u00E9nem Tchaj-cu (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem T\u00E0iz\u01D4, znaky \u592A\u7956), byl zakladatel a prvn\u00ED c\u00EDsa\u0159 \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9 dynastie Ming. Chung-wu bylo jm\u00E9no \u00E9ry vl\u00E1dy c\u00EDsa\u0159e vyjad\u0159uj\u00EDc\u00ED z\u00E1kladn\u00ED sm\u011Br vl\u00E1dn\u00ED politiky; znamen\u00E1 \u201ENesm\u00EDrn\u00E1 bojovnost\u201C."@cs . . . . . . . "C\u00EDsa\u0159 Chung-wu (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem Hongwu, znaky \u6D2A\u6B66; 21. \u0159\u00EDjna 1328 \u2013 24. \u010Dervna 1398), vlastn\u00EDm jm\u00E9nem \u010Cu J\u00FCan-\u010Dang (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem Zh\u016B\u200B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng, znaky \u6731\u5143\u748B), zn\u00E1m\u00FD t\u00E9\u017E pod chr\u00E1mov\u00FDm jm\u00E9nem Tchaj-cu (\u010D\u00EDnsky pchin-jinem T\u00E0iz\u01D4, znaky \u592A\u7956), byl zakladatel a prvn\u00ED c\u00EDsa\u0159 \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9 dynastie Ming. Chung-wu bylo jm\u00E9no \u00E9ry vl\u00E1dy c\u00EDsa\u0159e vyjad\u0159uj\u00EDc\u00ED z\u00E1kladn\u00ED sm\u011Br vl\u00E1dn\u00ED politiky; znamen\u00E1 \u201ENesm\u00EDrn\u00E1 bojovnost\u201C. V polovin\u011B 14. stolet\u00ED, kdy\u017E epidemie, hladomory a rolnick\u00E1 povst\u00E1n\u00ED zachv\u00E1tila \u010C\u00EDnu ovl\u00E1danou mongolskou dynasti\u00ED J\u00FCan, \u010Cu J\u00FCan-\u010Dang ztratil rodi\u010De a nezbylo mu, ne\u017E se jako potuln\u00FD mnich \u017Eivit \u017Eebrotou. B\u011Bdn\u00E9 ml\u00E1d\u00ED budouc\u00EDho c\u00EDsa\u0159e v\u00FDrazn\u011B ovlivnilo na cel\u00FD \u017Eivot. C\u00EDtil s probl\u00E9my oby\u010Dejn\u00FDch lid\u00ED, naproti tomu opovrhoval u\u010Denci, z\u00EDsk\u00E1vaj\u00EDc\u00EDmi znalosti o sv\u011Bt\u011B pouze z knih. Roku 1352 se p\u0159idal k jednomu z odd\u00EDl\u016F rebel\u016F. Z\u00E1hy mezi vzbou\u0159enci vynikl a stanul v \u010Dele vlastn\u00ED arm\u00E1dy. Roku 1356 dobyl Nanking, kter\u00FD u\u010Dinil sv\u00FDm hlavn\u00EDm m\u011Bstem. Pot\u00E9 sestavil vlastn\u00ED vl\u00E1du slo\u017Eenou z gener\u00E1l\u016F a konfuci\u00E1nsk\u00FDch vzd\u011Blanc\u016F odm\u00EDtaj\u00EDc\u00EDch mongolsk\u00E9 panstv\u00ED nad \u010C\u00EDnou. Od nich p\u0159evzal koncepci spr\u00E1vy zem\u011B, kterou realizoval na ovl\u00E1dan\u00E9m \u00FAzem\u00ED a pozd\u011Bji v cel\u00E9 \u010C\u00EDn\u011B. Postupn\u011B porazil konkuren\u010Dn\u00ED povstaleck\u00E9 v\u016Fdce, rozhoduj\u00EDc\u00EDm mezn\u00EDkem v boji o moc byla por\u00E1\u017Eka \u010Cchen Jou-lianga v bitv\u011B na jeze\u0159e Pcho-jang roku 1363. Po\u010D\u00E1tkem n\u00E1sleduj\u00EDc\u00EDho roku 1364 se prohl\u00E1sil kr\u00E1lem Wu. Do roku 1367 v\u0161ak st\u00E1le uzn\u00E1val svou form\u00E1ln\u00ED pod\u0159\u00EDzenost hlavn\u00EDmu v\u016Fdci Rud\u00FDch turban\u016F c\u00EDsa\u0159i Chan Lin-erovi, prohla\u0161uj\u00EDc\u00EDmu se za n\u00E1sledn\u00EDka dynastie Sung. Po\u010D\u00E1tkem roku 1368, kdy u\u017E dominoval ji\u017En\u00ED a st\u0159edn\u00ED \u010C\u00EDn\u011B, p\u0159ejmenoval sv\u016Fj st\u00E1t. Pro svou \u0159\u00ED\u0161i vybral jm\u00E9no Ta Ming (doslova \u201EVelik\u00E1 z\u00E1\u0159e\u201C). Za n\u00E1zev \u00E9ry a heslo sv\u00E9 vl\u00E1dy ur\u010Dil Chung-wu (\u201ENesm\u00EDrn\u00E1 bojovnost\u201C). V n\u00E1sleduj\u00EDc\u00ED \u010Dty\u0159let\u00E9 v\u00E1lce vyhnal z \u010C\u00EDny mongolsk\u00E9 arm\u00E1dy v\u011Brn\u00E9 dynastii J\u00FCan a sjednotil zemi. Pokus dob\u00FDt Mongolsko v\u0161ak skon\u010Dil ne\u00FAsp\u011Bchem. B\u011Bhem n\u00E1sleduj\u00EDc\u00EDch t\u0159iceti let vl\u00E1dy Chung-wua mingsk\u00E1 \u010C\u00EDna zna\u010Dn\u011B zes\u00EDlila a zotavila se z dlouhotrvaj\u00EDc\u00EDch v\u00E1lek. C\u00EDsa\u0159 m\u011Bl jasnou p\u0159edstavu o uspo\u0159\u00E1d\u00E1n\u00ED spole\u010Dnosti a v\u011B\u0159il, \u017Ee m\u00E1 b\u00FDt zm\u011Bn\u011Bna reformou instituc\u00ED \u2013 co\u017E byl sp\u00ED\u0161e legistick\u00FD p\u0159\u00EDstup kontrastuj\u00EDc\u00ED s konfuci\u00E1nsk\u00FDm n\u00E1zorem o kl\u00ED\u010Dov\u00E9 roli mor\u00E1ln\u00EDho vzoru vl\u00E1dce. Byl citliv\u00FD na osobn\u00ED bezpe\u010Dnost a loajalitu pod\u0159\u00EDzen\u00FDch, pragmatick\u00FD a obez\u0159etn\u00FD ve vojensk\u00FDch z\u00E1le\u017Eitostech. Jeho arm\u00E1da byla disciplinovan\u00E1 a sna\u017Eil se civiln\u00ED obyvatelstvo u\u0161et\u0159it obt\u00ED\u017E\u00ED v\u00E1lky. Vrchol jeho politick\u00E9ho syst\u00E9mu sice zkolaboval v ob\u010Dansk\u00E9 v\u00E1lce kr\u00E1tce po jeho smrti, ale dal\u0161\u00ED produkty Chung-wuov\u00FDch reforem \u2013 m\u00EDstn\u00ED a region\u00E1ln\u00ED instituce mingsk\u00E9 st\u00E1tn\u00ED spr\u00E1vy a samospr\u00E1vy i finan\u010Dn\u00ED a zkou\u0161kov\u00FD syst\u00E9m se uk\u00E1zaly b\u00FDt solidn\u00ED. Cenzus, syst\u00E9m registrace p\u016Fdy a pozemkov\u00E9 dan\u011B i vojensk\u00FD syst\u00E9m wej-suo p\u0159e\u017Eily do konce dynastie. Jeho potomci vl\u00E1dli cel\u00E9 \u010C\u00EDn\u011B a\u017E do roku 1644 a jihu zem\u011B je\u0161t\u011B o sedmn\u00E1ct let d\u00E9le."@cs . . . . . "Zhu Zhen, Prince Zhao of Chu"@en . . "250"^^ . . "\u6731 \u5143\u748B\uFF08\u3057\u3085 \u3052\u3093\u3057\u3087\u3046\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u660E\u306E\u59CB\u7956\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u521D\u4EE3\u7687\u5E1D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5EDF\u53F7\u306F\u592A\u7956\uFF08\u305F\u3044\u305D\uFF09\u3002\u305D\u306E\u6CBB\u4E16\u306E\u5E74\u53F7\u3092\u53D6\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D\uFF08\u3053\u3046\u3076\u3066\u3044\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u3001\u751F\u307E\u308C\u305F\u9803\u306E\u540D\u306F\u3001\u6731\u91CD\u516B\uFF08\u3057\u3085 \u3058\u3085\u3046\u306F\u3061\uFF09\u3068\u3044\u3044\u3001\u5F8C\u306B\u6731\u8208\u5B97\uFF08\u3057\u3085 \u3053\u3046\u305D\u3046\uFF09\u3068\u6539\u540D\u3057\u3001\u7D05\u5DFE\uFF08\u3053\u3046\u304D\u3093\uFF09\u8ECD\u306B\u53C2\u52A0\u3059\u308B\u9803\u306B\u3055\u3089\u306B\u6731\u5143\u748B\u3068\u6539\u540D\u3057\u3001\u5B57\u3092\u56FD\u745E\uFF08\u3053\u304F\u305A\u3044\uFF09\u3068\u3057\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . . . "Eastern Township, Zhongli County, Hao Prefecture, Anfeng Lu, Henan Jiangbei Province, Yuan dynasty"@en . . "\u6731 \u5143\u748B\uFF08\u3057\u3085 \u3052\u3093\u3057\u3087\u3046\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u660E\u306E\u59CB\u7956\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u521D\u4EE3\u7687\u5E1D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5EDF\u53F7\u306F\u592A\u7956\uFF08\u305F\u3044\u305D\uFF09\u3002\u305D\u306E\u6CBB\u4E16\u306E\u5E74\u53F7\u3092\u53D6\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D\uFF08\u3053\u3046\u3076\u3066\u3044\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u3001\u751F\u307E\u308C\u305F\u9803\u306E\u540D\u306F\u3001\u6731\u91CD\u516B\uFF08\u3057\u3085 \u3058\u3085\u3046\u306F\u3061\uFF09\u3068\u3044\u3044\u3001\u5F8C\u306B\u6731\u8208\u5B97\uFF08\u3057\u3085 \u3053\u3046\u305D\u3046\uFF09\u3068\u6539\u540D\u3057\u3001\u7D05\u5DFE\uFF08\u3053\u3046\u304D\u3093\uFF09\u8ECD\u306B\u53C2\u52A0\u3059\u308B\u9803\u306B\u3055\u3089\u306B\u6731\u5143\u748B\u3068\u6539\u540D\u3057\u3001\u5B57\u3092\u56FD\u745E\uFF08\u3053\u304F\u305A\u3044\uFF09\u3068\u3057\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . "Kaisar Hongwu (Hanzi: \u6D2A\u6B66, lahir di , Provinsi Anhui, 21 Oktober 1328 \u2013 meninggal 24 Juni 1398 pada umur 69 tahun), yang nama aslinya Zhu Yuanzhang (\u6731\u5143\u748B), adalah pendiri dan kaisar pertama Dinasti Ming di Tiongkok. Ia menjadi kaisar dan mendirikan dinastinya setelah berhasil menggulingkan Dinasti Yuan (Mongol). Dalam sejarah Tiongkok, Zhu Yuanzhang adalah satu dari dua kaisar yang berasal dari golongan rakyat jelata (yang lain adalah Liu Bang/ Kaisar Han Gaozu, pendiri Dinasti Han). Ia adalah seorang kaisar yang kontroversial, di satu pihak ia memperhatikan kesejahteraan rakyatnya dan berusaha keras meningkatkan taraf hidup mereka, tetapi ia juga seorang tiran yang mengebiri kebebasan dan membunuh orang-orang yang membantunya naik ke kekuasaan yang dicurigai berpotensi merebut tahtanya."@in . "Thirteenth daughter"@en . . . "Zhu Zi, Prince of Tan"@en . . "Zhu Yuanzhang, Hongwu o Hung-wu \u2013en xin\u00E8s: \u6731\u5143\u748B\u2013 (21 de setembre de 1328 \u2013 24 de juny de 1398) fou l'emperador fundador de la dinastia Ming de la Xina. La dinastia va sorgir d'entre la dinastia Yuan, creada pels kan, \u00E9s a dir, l'Imperi Mongol. El primer Ming, doncs, fill de pagesos, aconsegueix el tron dels ex\u00E8rcits que varen conquistar la Xina i va acabar per fer recular els Yuan, i per conseg\u00FCent els mongols. Afirmant el mandat del cel, l'any 1368 estableix la seva pr\u00F2pia dinastia i impulsa una s\u00E8rie de reformes primordials que li permetran conservar el c\u00E0rrec durant molt de temps. En l'\u00E8poca on a les monarquies europees es comen\u00E7ava a contestar les reialeses, Hongwu va abolir el c\u00E0rrec de primer ministre de l'imperi i va revisar el codi legal per tal d'assegurar-se el poder absolut. El seu fill Yongle va usurpar el seu tron l'any 1403 i va prosseguir amb la dinastia."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 \u2013 24 June 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang (Chinese: \u6731\u5143\u748B; Wade\u2013Giles: Chu Yuan-chang), courtesy name Guorui (simplified Chinese: \u56FD\u745E; traditional Chinese: \u570B\u745E), was the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty of China, reigning from 1368 to 1398. As famine, plagues and peasant revolts increased across China proper in the 14th century, Zhu Yuanzhang rose to command the Red Turban forces that conquered China proper, ending the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and forcing the remnant Yuan court (known as Northern Yuan in historiography) to retreat to the Mongolian Plateau. Zhu claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty at the beginning of 1368 and occupied the Yuan capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), with his army that same year. Trusting only his family, he made his many sons feudal princes along the northern marches and the Yangtze valley. Having outlived his eldest son Zhu Biao, Zhu enthroned Zhu Biao's son via a series of instructions. This ended in failure when the Jianwen Emperor's attempts to unseat his uncles led to the Jingnan Rebellion. The era of Hongwu was noted for its tolerance of minorities and religions; Ma Zhou, the Chinese historian, indicates that the Hongwu ordered the renovation and construction of many mosques in Xi\u2019an and Nanjing. Wang Daiyu also recorded that the emperor wrote 100 characters praising Islam, Baizi zan. The reign of the Hongwu Emperor is notable for his unprecedented political reforms. The emperor abolished the position of chancellor, drastically reduced the role of court eunuchs, and adopted draconian measures to address corruption. He also established the Embroidered Uniform Guard, one of the best known secret police organizations in imperial China. In the 1380s and 1390s a series of purges were launched to eliminate his high-ranked officials and generals; tens of thousands were executed. The reign of Hongwu also witnessed much cruelty. Various cruel methods of execution were introduced for punishable crimes and for those who directly criticized the emperor, and massacres were also carried out against everyone who resisted his rule. The emperor encouraged agriculture, reduced taxes, incentivized the cultivation of new land, and established laws protecting peasants' property. He also confiscated land held by large estates and forbade private slavery. At the same time, he banned free movement in the empire and assigned hereditary occupational categories to households. Through these measures, Zhu Yuanzhang attempted to rebuild a country that had been ravaged by war, limit and control its social groups, and instill orthodox values in his subjects, eventually creating a strictly regimented society of self-sufficient farming communities."@en . . . . . . "Manuscript of Zhu Yuanzhang, Collection of the Wuxi Museum.jpg"@en . . . . "\u0427\u0436\u0443\u0301 \u042E\u0430\u043D\u044C\u0447\u0436\u0430\u0301\u043D (\u043A\u0438\u0442.: \u6731\u5143\u748B; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: Zh\u016B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng), \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u0456\u043C'\u044F \u0422\u0430\u0439\u0446\u0437\u0443 (\u043A\u0438\u0442.: \u592A\u7956; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: Taizu; 21 \u0436\u043E\u0432\u0442\u043D\u044F 1328 \u2014 24 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043D\u044F 1398) \u2014 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0456 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0456\u044F\u0447. \u0417\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A \u0456 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u041C\u0456\u043D. \u041F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0432 \u0456\u0437 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0431\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043D. \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0443 \u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0433\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u043E\u043A \u0443 1351\u20131366 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0445. \u0412\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u043E\u043B\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0446\u044F \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0445. \u041F\u0456\u0434\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043D \u0440\u0456\u0447\u043A\u0438 \u042F\u043D\u0446\u0437\u0438, \u0430 \u0437\u0433\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043C \u2014 \u0443\u0441\u044E \u0426\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0443 \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0443. 1368 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u041C\u0456\u043D. \u0412\u0438\u0433\u043D\u0430\u0432 \u0456\u0437 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044E \u043C\u043E\u043D\u0433\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0443 \u043F\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0432 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0431\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F. \u0417\u0430\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438 \u041C\u0456\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u0430\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0432 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0457 \u0434\u043E 1644 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443. \u041F\u043E\u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043D\u0435 \u0456\u043C'\u044F \u2014 \u0406\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0490\u0430\u043E. \u0414\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0437 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u2014 \u0425\u0443\u043D'\u0443. \u0406\u043D\u0448\u0435 \u0456\u043C'\u044F, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0437\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u2014 \u0406\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0425\u0443\u043D'\u0443\u0301 (\u043A\u0438\u0442.: \u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: H\u00F3ngw\u01D4-d\u00EC)."@uk . . . . . . "guard battalion"@en . . "Zhu Yuanzhang, Hongwu o Hung-wu (\u6731\u5143\u748B), (, 21 de octubre, 1328- 24 de junio, 1398) fue el primer emperador y fundador de la dinast\u00EDa Ming de China, quien expuls\u00F3 a los mongoles e instaur\u00F3 exitosamente el sistema administrativo de los Ming, el cual perdurar\u00EDa casi tres siglos hasta la conquista manch\u00FA de 1644."@es . . . . . . . . . "\uBA85 \uD0DC\uC870(\u660E \u592A\u7956, \uC6D0 \uCC9C\uB825 \uC6D0\uB144 9\uC6D4 18\uC77C(1328\uB144 10\uC6D4 21\uC77C) ~ \uD64D\uBB34 31\uB144 \uC724 5\uC6D4 10\uC77C(1398\uB144 6\uC6D4 24\uC77C)) \uD639\uC740 \uD64D\uBB34\uC81C(\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D)\uB294 \uBA85\uB098\uB77C\uC758 \uD0DC\uC870(\uC7AC\uC704 : 1368\uB144 ~ 1398\uB144)\uC774\uB2E4."@ko . 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"H\u00F9hng-m\u00F3uh dai"@en . . . "vertical"@en . . . . . . . "Zhu Biao, Crown Prince Yiwen"@en . . . . . . "Hongwu (ur. 21 pa\u017Adziernika 1328, zm. 24 czerwca 1398) \u2013 pierwszy cesarz Chin (1368-1398) z dynastii Ming. Urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 jako Zhu Yuanzhang (chi\u0144. \u6731\u5143\u748B) w biednej rodzinie ch\u0142opskiej w prowincji Jiangsu w gminie . Poniewa\u017C rodzina g\u0142odowa\u0142a, cz\u0119\u015B\u0107 rodze\u0144stwa zosta\u0142a oddana przez rodzic\u00F3w. Gdy mia\u0142 16 lat reszta jego rodziny zgin\u0119\u0142a w wyniku powodzi Huang He. Znalaz\u0142 schronienie w klasztorze buddyjskim, kt\u00F3ry wkr\u00F3tce musia\u0142 opu\u015Bci\u0107 z powodu braku pieni\u0119dzy w klasztorze. Nast\u0119pnie podr\u00F3\u017Cowa\u0142 \u017Cebrz\u0105c o jedzenie. Po trzech latach wr\u00F3ci\u0142 do klasztoru, gdzie nauczy\u0142 si\u0119 czyta\u0107 i pisa\u0107. W 1352, gdy mia\u0142 24 lata, wojska mongolskiej dynastii zburzy\u0142y klasztor walcz\u0105c z miejscow\u0105 rebeli\u0105, jedn\u0105 z wielu w Chinach. Zhu przy\u0142\u0105czy\u0142 si\u0119 do jednej z nich szybko staj\u0105c si\u0119 przyw\u00F3dc\u0105 dzi\u0119ki swoim umiej\u0119tno\u015Bciom. Do\u0142\u0105czy\u0142 do powstania czerwonych turban\u00F3w, po\u015Blubi\u0142 c\u00F3rk\u0119 przyw\u00F3dcy powstania i w 1355, w wieku 27 lat zosta\u0142 dow\u00F3dc\u0105 armii ch\u0142opskiej. W 1366 zosta\u0142 wybrany na przyw\u00F3dc\u0119 powstania. Dwa lata p\u00F3\u017Aniej, w wyniku zwyci\u0119skiego marszu na Pekin si\u0119gn\u0105\u0142 po koron\u0119 cesarsk\u0105. W czasie swoich rz\u0105d\u00F3w prowadzi\u0142 polityk\u0119 polepszenia bytu ludu. Wprowadzone zosta\u0142y spisy w celu r\u00F3wnomiernego roz\u0142o\u017Cenia podatk\u00F3w. Zaleg\u0142e podatki dotycz\u0105ce biednych zosta\u0142y umorzone. Skonfiskowana ziemia arystokracji mongolskiej zosta\u0142 rozdzielona mi\u0119dzy ch\u0142op\u00F3w. Dzi\u0119ki pracom irygacyjnych rozwija\u0142o si\u0119 rolnictwo. U\u0142atwia\u0142 bezrolnym ch\u0142opom posiadanie ziemi. Wprowadzi\u0142 papierowy pieni\u0105dz[potrzebny przypis]. Po \u015Bmierci pochowano go w mauzoleum Ming Xiaoling ko\u0142o Nankinu."@pl . . . . . . . . "Zhu Chun, Prince Xian of Shu"@en . "There is no need for five citations."@en . "Hung4-mou5 dai3"@en . . "vastly martial emperor"@en . "Hongwu (zijn persoonlijke naam was Zhu Yuanzhang) of Tai Zu (21 oktober 1328 \u2013 24 juni 1398) was keizer van China en de oprichter en eerste heerser van de Mingdynastie. Hij regeerde van 1368 tot 1398."@nl . 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"Hongwu Emperor"@en . "right"@en . . . "Zhu Fu, Prince Gong of Qi"@en . . "Zhu Yuanzhang (lingua cinese: \u6731\u5143\u748BT, Zh\u016B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ngP; Fengyang, 21 ottobre 1328 \u2013 Nanchino, 24 giugno 1398) \u00E8 stato imperatore della Cina dal 23 gennaio 1368 al 24 giugno 1398. Viene indicato principalmente col nome di regno di Hongwu (\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1DT, H\u00F3ngw\u01D4P, Hung-wooW) e fu il primo della dinastia Ming, durata circa tre secoli."@it . . . "\u6731\u5143\u748B"@ja . "\u0427\u0436\u0443\u0301 \u042E\u0430\u043D\u044C\u0447\u0436\u0430\u0301\u043D (\u043A\u0438\u0442.: \u6731\u5143\u748B; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: Zh\u016B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng), \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u0456\u043C'\u044F \u0422\u0430\u0439\u0446\u0437\u0443 (\u043A\u0438\u0442.: \u592A\u7956; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: Taizu; 21 \u0436\u043E\u0432\u0442\u043D\u044F 1328 \u2014 24 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043D\u044F 1398) \u2014 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0456 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0456\u044F\u0447. \u0417\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A \u0456 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u041C\u0456\u043D. \u041F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0432 \u0437 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0431\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043D. \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0443 \u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0433\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u043E\u043A \u0443 1351\u20131366 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0445. \u0412\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u043E\u043B\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0446\u044F \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0445. \u041F\u0456\u0434\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043D \u0440\u0456\u0447\u043A\u0438 \u042F\u043D\u0446\u0437\u0438, \u0430 \u0437\u0433\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043C \u2014 \u0443\u0441\u044E \u0426\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0443 \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0443. 1368 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u041C\u0456\u043D. \u0412\u0438\u0433\u043D\u0430\u0432 \u0437 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044E \u043C\u043E\u043D\u0433\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0443 \u043F\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0432 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0431\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F. \u0417\u0430\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438 \u041C\u0456\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u0430\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0432 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0457 \u0434\u043E 1644 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443. \u041F\u043E\u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043D\u0435 \u0456\u043C'\u044F \u2014 \u0406\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0490\u0430\u043E. \u0414\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0437 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u2014 \u0425\u0443\u043D'\u0443. \u0406\u043D\u0448\u0435 \u0456\u043C'\u044F, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0437\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u2014 \u0406\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0425\u0443\u043D'\u0443\u0301 (\u043A\u0438\u0442.: \u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: "@uk . . ""@en . . . "2"^^ . "Tianli 1, 18th day of the 9th month"@en . . "Zhu Gui, Prince Jian of Dai"@en . "50"^^ . "90679"^^ . "Jianwen Emperor"@en . . . . "Birth name: Chongba"@en . . . . "Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang"@en . . . . . . . . . "Zhu Nan"@en . "\uD64D\uBB34\uC81C"@ko . "163029"^^ . "Courtesy name: Guorui"@en . "Zhu Shizhen"@en . . . . . "--01-23"^^ . . . . "Hongwu"@en . "Zhu Qi, Prince of Zhao"@en . . ""@en . . . . . . "Given name: Xingzong , later Yuanzhang"@en . "--01-23"^^ . "Enthronement"@en . "Hongwu Emperor"@en . . "Prince of Wu"@en . . . "Zhu Yuanzhang (lingua cinese: \u6731\u5143\u748BT, Zh\u016B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ngP; Fengyang, 21 ottobre 1328 \u2013 Nanchino, 24 giugno 1398) \u00E8 stato imperatore della Cina dal 23 gennaio 1368 al 24 giugno 1398. Viene indicato principalmente col nome di regno di Hongwu (\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1DT, H\u00F3ngw\u01D4P, Hung-wooW) e fu il primo della dinastia Ming, durata circa tre secoli."@it . . . . . . . . . "--01-23"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Zhu Shuang, Prince Min of Qin"@en . . "Zhu Yuanzhang, Hongwu o Hung-wu (\u6731\u5143\u748B), fue el primer emperador y fundador de la dinast\u00EDa Ming de China, quien expuls\u00F3 a los mongoles e instaur\u00F3 exitosamente el sistema administrativo de los Ming, el cual perdurar\u00EDa casi tres siglos hasta la conquista manch\u00FA de 1644."@es . . . . . . . . . . "\u6731\u5143\u748B"@en . . . . . . "--01-23"^^ . ", later"@en . "Zhu Su, Prince Ding of Zhou"@en . . "Zhu Yuanzhang, Hongwu o Hung-wu \u2013en xin\u00E8s: \u6731\u5143\u748B\u2013 (21 de setembre de 1328 \u2013 24 de juny de 1398) fou l'emperador fundador de la dinastia Ming de la Xina. La dinastia va sorgir d'entre la dinastia Yuan, creada pels kan, \u00E9s a dir, l'Imperi Mongol. El primer Ming, doncs, fill de pagesos, aconsegueix el tron dels ex\u00E8rcits que varen conquistar la Xina i va acabar per fer recular els Yuan, i per conseg\u00FCent els mongols en la Revolta dels turbants vermells. Afirmant el mandat del cel, l'any 1368 estableix la seva pr\u00F2pia dinastia i impulsa una s\u00E8rie de reformes primordials que li permetran conservar el c\u00E0rrec durant molt de temps. En l'\u00E8poca on a les monarquies europees es comen\u00E7ava a contestar les reialeses, Hongwu va abolir el c\u00E0rrec de primer ministre de l'imperi i va revisar el codi legal per tal "@ca . . "Chu Yuan-chang"@en . . . "\u7E3D\u5175\u5E16.jpg"@en . . "1398-06-30"^^ . "Zhu Yuanzhang"@pt . ""@en . . . . "Zhu Ying, Prince Hui of An"@en . "Hongwu (chinois : \u6D2A\u6B66 ; pinyin : h\u00F3ngw\u01D4, n\u00E9 dans l'actuel (zh) (\u5C0F\u6EAA\u6CB3\u9547), Xian de Fengyang, province de l'Anhui 21 octobre 1328 et mort dans le palais Ming (\u660E\u6545\u5BAB) \u00E0 Nankin, province du Jiangsu, le 24 juin 1398), ayant pour nom de naissance, Zhu Yuanzhang (\u6731\u5143\u748B, zh\u016B yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng), est l'empereur fondateur de la dynastie Ming. Il r\u00E8gne en Chine de 1368 \u00E0 1398."@fr . . . "Zh\u016B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng"@es . . . . . . . . "Hongwu Emperor"@en . "Hongwu"@in . . . . "\u536B\u6240\u5236"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Zhu Chongba"@en . . . "\u0427\u0436\u0443\u0301 \u042E\u0430\u043D\u044C\u0447\u0436\u0430\u0301\u043D (\u043A\u0438\u0442.: \u6731\u5143\u748B; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: Zh\u016B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng), \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u0456\u043C'\u044F \u0422\u0430\u0439\u0446\u0437\u0443 (\u043A\u0438\u0442.: \u592A\u7956; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: Taizu; 21 \u0436\u043E\u0432\u0442\u043D\u044F 1328 \u2014 24 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043D\u044F 1398) \u2014 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0456 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0456\u044F\u0447. \u0417\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A \u0456 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u041C\u0456\u043D. \u041F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0432 \u0456\u0437 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0431\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043D. \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0443 \u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0433\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u043E\u043A \u0443 1351\u20131366 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0445. \u0412\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u043E\u043B\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0446\u044F \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0445. \u041F\u0456\u0434\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043D \u0440\u0456\u0447\u043A\u0438 \u042F\u043D\u0446\u0437\u0438, \u0430 \u0437\u0433\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043C \u2014 \u0443\u0441\u044E \u0426\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0443 \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0443. 1368 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u041C\u0456\u043D. \u0412\u0438\u0433\u043D\u0430\u0432 \u0456\u0437 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044E \u043C\u043E\u043D\u0433\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0443 \u043F\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0432 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0431\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F. \u0417\u0430\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438 \u041C\u0456\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u0430\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0432 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0457 \u0434\u043E 1644 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443. \u041F\u043E\u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043D\u0435 \u0456\u043C'\u044F \u2014 \u0406\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0490\u0430\u043E. \u0414\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0437 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u2014 \u0425\u0443\u043D'\u0443. \u0406\u043D\u0448\u0435 \u0456\u043C'\u044F, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0437\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u2014 \u0406\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0425\u0443\u043D'\u0443\u0301 (\u043A\u0438\u0442.: \u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C"@uk . "Institutes of ecclesiastical history: ancient and modern ..."@en . . "Taizu"@en . "\u2192\n1403\u20131538:\n* Emperor Shengshen Wenwu Qinming Qiyun Junde Chenggong Tongtian Daxiao G\u0101o"@en . . . "Kaisar Hongwu (Hanzi: \u6D2A\u6B66, 21 Oktober 1328 \u2013 24 Juni 1398), yang nama aslinya Zhu Yuanzhang (\u6731\u5143\u748B), adalah pendiri dan kaisar pertama Dinasti Ming di Tiongkok. Ia menjadi kaisar dan mendirikan dinastinya setelah berhasil menggulingkan Dinasti Yuan (Mongol). Dalam sejarah Tiongkok, Zhu Yuanzhang adalah satu dari dua kaisar yang berasal dari golongan rakyat jelata (yang lain adalah Liu Bang/ Kaisar Han Gaozu, pendiri Dinasti Han). Ia adalah seorang kaisar yang kontroversial, di satu pihak ia memperhatikan kesejahteraan rakyatnya dan berusaha keras meningkatkan taraf hidup mereka, tetapi ia juga seorang tiran yang mengebiri kebebasan dan membunuh orang-orang yang membantunya naik ke kekuasaan yang dicurigai berpotensi merebut tahtanya."@in . "Zhu Zhan, Prince Jing of Qing"@en . . . . "H\u00F3ngw\u01D4 d\u00EC"@en . . . . . 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"Hongwu"@de . . . . . "#Family"@en . . "A Seated Portrait of Ming Emperor Taizu, by an unknown artist from the Ming dynasty. Now located in the National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan."@en . . . . . "Hongwu"@pl . "Princess Anqing"@en . ""@en . . . . . . "Princess Chongning"@en . . . "Hongwu (chinois : \u6D2A\u6B66 ; pinyin : h\u00F3ngw\u01D4, n\u00E9 dans l'actuel (zh) (\u5C0F\u6EAA\u6CB3\u9547), Xian de Fengyang, province de l'Anhui 21 octobre 1328 et mort dans le palais Ming (\u660E\u6545\u5BAB) \u00E0 Nankin, province du Jiangsu, le 24 juin 1398), ayant pour nom de naissance, Zhu Yuanzhang (\u6731\u5143\u748B, zh\u016B yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng), est l'empereur fondateur de la dynastie Ming. Il r\u00E8gne en Chine de 1368 \u00E0 1398."@fr . . . "\u6731 \u5143\u748B\uFF08\u3057\u3085 \u3052\u3093\u3057\u3087\u3046\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u660E\u306E\u521D\u4EE3\u7687\u5E1D\u3002\u5EDF\u53F7\u306F\u592A\u7956\uFF08\u305F\u3044\u305D\uFF09\u3002\u8AE1\u53F7\u306F\u9AD8\u7687\u5E1D\uFF08\u3053\u3046\u3053\u3046\u3066\u3044\uFF09\u3002\u305D\u306E\u6CBB\u4E16\u306E\u5E74\u53F7\u300C\u6D2A\u6B66\u300D\u304B\u3089\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D\uFF08\u3053\u3046\u3076\u3066\u3044\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002 \u307E\u305F\u3001\u540D\u306F\u521D\u3081\u6731\u91CD\u516B\uFF08\u3057\u3085 \u3058\u3085\u3046\u306F\u3061\uFF09\u3068\u3044\u3044\u3001\u5F8C\u306B\u6731\u8208\u5B97\uFF08\u3057\u3085 \u3053\u3046\u305D\u3046\uFF09\u3068\u6539\u540D\u3057\u3001\u7D05\u5DFE\uFF08\u3053\u3046\u304D\u3093\uFF09\u8ECD\u306B\u53C2\u52A0\u3059\u308B\u9803\u306B\u3055\u3089\u306B\u6731\u5143\u748B\u3068\u6539\u540D\u3057\u3001\u5B57\u3092\u56FD\u745E\uFF08\u3053\u304F\u305A\u3044\uFF09\u3068\u3057\u305F\u3002"@ja . "Princess Fuqing"@en . . . . . . . . "\u2192\nAfter 1538:\n* Emperor Kaitian Xingdao Zhaoji Liji Dasheng Zhishen Renwen Yiwu Junde Chenggong G\u0101o"@en . "1885"^^ . . "Empress Chun"@en . . . . . "Princess Huaiqing"@en . . "Hongwu (chinois : \u6D2A\u6B66 ; pinyin : h\u00F3ngw\u01D4, n\u00E9 dans l'actuel (zh) (\u5C0F\u6EAA\u6CB3\u9547), Xian de Fengyang, province de l'Anhui 21 octobre 1328 et mort dans le palais Ming (\u660E\u6545\u5BAB) \u00E0 Nankin, province du Jiangsu, le 24 juin 1398), ayant pour nom de naissance, Zhu Yuanzhang (\u6731\u5143\u748B, zh\u016B yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng), est l'empereur fondateur de la dynastie Ming. Il r\u00E8gne en Chine de 1368 \u00E0 1398."@fr . . . . . . "H\u00F3ngw\u01D4 \u6D2A\u6B66 (Geburtsname \u6731\u5143\u748B Zh\u016B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng, Tempelname \u592A\u7956 T\u00E0iz\u01D4; * 21. September 1328; \u2020 24. Juni 1398) war der Gr\u00FCnder der Ming-Dynastie. Er regierte als Kaiser von 1368 bis 1398 \u00FCber China. Zhu Yuanzhang, der sp\u00E4tere Hongwu-Kaiser, kam aus einfachsten b\u00E4uerlichen Verh\u00E4ltnissen. Aufgrund starker Ambitionen gelang ihm der schnelle Aufstieg innerhalb der Rebellenbewegung Rote Turbane, schlie\u00DFlich der Sturz der Yuan-Dynastie und damit die Vertreibung des mongolischen Herrscherhauses. Er gr\u00FCndete 1368 nach dem Vorbild des ersten Han-Kaisers Gaozu die Ming-Dynastie und formte die Institutionen des Reiches so, wie sie bis zum Ende der Kaiserzeit Bestand haben sollten. Aufgrund seiner gro\u00DFen Leistungen wird er zu den bedeutendsten Kaisern Chinas gez\u00E4hlt."@de . . . "Imperiestro Hongvuo"@eo . . . . . . 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"Princess Nankang"@en . . . . "1913"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Johann Lorenz Mosheim, James Murdock"@en . . "Princess Runing"@en . "Imperiestro \u0134u Juan\u0135ang a\u016D Hongwu (\u0109ine \u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D, H\u00F3ngw\u01D4d\u00EC; 21-a de oktobro 1328 \u2013 24-a de junio 1398), konata anka\u016D per sia nomo Zhu Yuanzhang (\u0109ine \u6731\u5143\u748B) kaj per sia postmorta nomo Ming Taizu (\u0109ine \u660E\u592A\u7956, lit. \"Granda Praulo de Ming\"), estis la fondinto kaj unua imperiestro de la Dinastio Ming de \u0108inio. Lia la\u016Dregna nomo Hongwu signifas \"ege milita.\" Meze de la 14a jarcento, kun malsategoj, plagoj, kaj kamparanaj ribeloj tra la tuta \u0108inio, \u0134u ekregis la armeon kiu konkeris \u0108inion kaj finigis la hegemonion de la Dinastio Juano, devigante la Mongolojn retiri\u011Di al la stepoj de centra Azio. Post la konkero de la Juana \u0109efurbo Kanbalik (moderna Pekino), \u0134u postulis la \u0108ielan Mandaton kaj establis la hegemonion de la Dinastio Ming en 1368. Fidante nur en sia familio, li faris el siaj multaj filoj povegajn fe\u016Ddajn princojn la\u016Dlonge de la nordaj mar\u0109oj kaj la valo de la Jangzio. Supervivinte sian unuan sukcedinton, la imperiestro Hongwu surtronigis sian nepon kun serio de instruoj; tio malsukcesis kiam la klopodo de la Imperiestro Jian\u016Den por elpostenigi siajn onklojn kondukis al la sukcesa ribelo de la Imperiestro Jongle. Tamen la Praulaj Instruoj (unue publikigitaj en 1375, reviziitaj dufoje pli anta\u016D sia morto en 1398) funkciis en tre reala signifo kiel konstitucio por la Dinastio Ming dum la venontaj 250 jaroj. Plej el historiaj lokoj rilataj al \u0134u Juan\u0135ang situantas en Nankino, la origina \u0109efurbo de lia dinastio."@eo . . . "October 2021"@en . . 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"The Hongwu Emperor's calligraphy"@en . . . "Zhu Yuanzhang eller Hongwu-kejsaren (\u6731\u5143\u748B; Zh\u016B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng), f\u00F6dd 1328, d\u00F6d 1398, var grundare av den kinesiska Mingdynastin och var dess f\u00F6rsta kejsare och regerade 1368 till 1398. Zhu Yuanzhang v\u00E4xte upp som fattig bonde och gjorde p\u00E5 milit\u00E4ra meriter klassresan hela v\u00E4gen till kejsartornen som Hongwu-kejsaren. Han var duglig som ledare och gjorde genom reformer stora framsteg f\u00F6r lantbruket, produktionen och ekonomin. Han var \u00E4ven mycket grym och beordrade stora m\u00E4ngder avr\u00E4ttningar."@sv . . . "Princess Shouchun"@en . "Kaisar Hongwu (Hanzi: \u6D2A\u6B66, 21 Oktober 1328 \u2013 24 Juni 1398), yang nama aslinya Zhu Yuanzhang (\u6731\u5143\u748B), adalah pendiri dan kaisar pertama Dinasti Ming di Tiongkok. Ia menjadi kaisar dan mendirikan dinastinya setelah berhasil menggulingkan Dinasti Yuan (Mongol). Dalam sejarah Tiongkok, Zhu Yuanzhang adalah satu dari dua kaisar yang berasal dari golongan rakyat jelata (yang lain adalah Liu Bang/ Kaisar Han Gaozu, pendiri Dinasti Han). Ia adalah seorang kaisar yang kontroversial, di satu pihak ia memperhatikan kesejahteraan rakyatnya dan berusaha keras meningkatkan taraf hidup mereka, tetapi ia juga seorang tiran yang mengebiri kebebasan dan membunuh orang-orang yang membantunya naik ke kekuasaan yang dicurigai berpotensi merebut tahtanya."@in . . . "95415"^^ . . "\u0647\u0648\u0646\u063A\u0648\u0648"@ar . . . . . "Tenth daughter"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "\u660E\u592A\u7956\u6731\u5143\u748B\uFF081328\u5E7410\u670821\u65E5\uFF0D1398\u5E746\u670824\u65E5\uFF09\uFF0C\u6216\u7A31\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D\uFF0C\u660E\u671D\u958B\u570B\u7687\u5E1D\uFF0C\u539F\u540D\u6731\u91CD\u516B\uFF0C\u66FE\u6539\u540D\u6731\u8208\u5B97\uFF0C\u6295\u519B\u88AB\u90ED\u5B50\u5174\u53D6\u540D\u5143\u748B\uFF0C\u5B57\u56FD\u745E\uFF0C\u5EDF\u865F\u300C\u592A\u7956\u300D\uFF0C\u8C25\u865F\u300C\u5F00\u5929\u884C\u9053\u8087\u7EAA\u7ACB\u6781\u5927\u5723\u81F3\u795E\u4EC1\u6587\u4E49\u6B66\u4FCA\u5FB7\u6210\u529F\u9AD8\u7687\u5E1D\u300D\uFF0C\u7D71\u7A31\u300C\u592A\u7956\u9AD8\u7687\u5E1D\u300D\u3002\u5728\u4F4D\u4E09\u5341\u4E00\u5E74\uFF0C\u56E0\u5E74\u53F7\u6D2A\u6B66\u4E5F\u4FD7\u7A31\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D\u3002\u592A\u7956\u4E4B\u5F8C\u7684\u660E\u671D\u7687\u5E1D\u9664\u660E\u82F1\u5B97\uFF08\u590D\u8F9F\uFF09\uFF0C\u7686\u5BE6\u884C\u4E00\u4E16\u4E00\u5143\u5236\u3002 \u6731\u5143\u748B\u51FA\u8EAB\u8D2B\u519C\u5BB6\u5EAD\uFF0C\u51FA\u751F\u5730\u4E4B\u4E89\u7531\u6765\u5DF2\u4E45\uFF0C\u6709\u660E\u5149\u8BF4\uFF08\u4E5F\u5C31\u662F\u76F1\u7719\u8BF4\u3001\u5609\u5C71\u8BF4\uFF09\u3001\u51E4\u9633\u8BF4\uFF08\u4E5F\u5C31\u662F\u949F\u79BB\u8BF4\uFF09\u3001\u53E5\u5BB9\u8BF4\u3001\u4E94\u6CB3\u8BF4\u3001\u6C9B\u53BF\u8BF4\u3001\u5BBF\u5DDE\u8BF4\u7B49\u3002\u540E\u56DB\u8BF4\u57FA\u672C\u4E0A\u6CA1\u6709\u8BC1\u636E\u652F\u6301\uFF0C\u7ECF\u4E0D\u4F4F\u63A8\u6572\uFF0C\u660E\u663E\u4E0D\u80FD\u6210\u7ACB\u3002\u4E89\u8BAE\u4E3B\u8981\u51FA\u73B0\u5728\u660E\u5149\u548C\u51E4\u9633\u4E4B\u95F4\uFF08\u5747\u4F4D\u65BC\u4ECA\u5B89\u5FBD\u7701\u6771\u90E8\uFF09\u3002\u5E7C\u65F6\u8D2B\u7A77\uFF0C\u66FE\u4E3A\u5730\u4E3B\u653E\u725B\u3002\u5F8C\u56E0\u707D\u8B8A\uFF0C\u66FE\u4E00\u5EA6\u5243\u9AEE\u51FA\u5BB6\uFF0C\u56DB\u51FA\u6D41\u6D6A\uFF0C\u5316\u7DE3\u70BA\u751F\uFF0C25\u5C81\uFF081352\u5E74\uFF09\u65F6\uFF0C\u53C2\u52A0\u90ED\u5B50\u5174\u9886\u5BFC\u7684\u7EA2\u5DFE\u519B\u53CD\u6297\u8499\u5143\u653F\u6743\u3002\u5148\u5F8C\u51FB\u8D25\u4E86\u9648\u53CB\u8C05\u3001\u5F20\u58EB\u8BDA\u7B49\u5176\u4ED6\u8AF8\u4FAF\u8ECD\u95A5\uFF0C\u7EDF\u4E00\u5357\u65B9\uFF0C\u5F8C\u5317\u4F10\u706D\u5143\uFF0C\u5EFA\u7ACB\u5927\u4E00\u7D71\u7684\u5C01\u5EFA\u7687\u671D\u653F\u6B0A\uFF0C\u56FD\u53F7\u201C\u5927\u660E\u201D\u3002"@zh . . . . . . "1832"^^ . . . . . . "Zhu Zhi, Prince Jian of Liao"@en . . . . "China and the Roman Orient: researches into their ancient and medi\u00E6val relations as represented in old Chinese records"@en . . . . "\u570B\u745E"@en . . "Hongwu"@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hongwu (chinois : \u6D2A\u6B66 ; pinyin : h\u00F3ngw\u01D4, n\u00E9 dans l'actuel (zh) (\u5C0F\u6EAA\u6CB3\u9547), Xian de Fengyang, province de l'Anhui 21 octobre 1328 et mort dans le palais Ming (\u660E\u6545\u5BAB) \u00E0 Nankin, province du Jiangsu, le 24 juin 1398), ayant pour nom de naissance, Zhu Yuanzhang (\u6731\u5143\u748B, zh\u016B yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng), est l'empereur fondateur de la dynastie Ming. Il r\u00E8gne en Chine de 1368 \u00E0 1398."@fr . . "\u660E\u592A\u7956\u6731\u5143\u748B\uFF081328\u5E7410\u670821\u65E5\uFF0D1398\u5E746\u670824\u65E5\uFF09\uFF0C\u6216\u7A31\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D\uFF0C\u660E\u671D\u958B\u570B\u7687\u5E1D\uFF0C\u539F\u540D\u6731\u91CD\u516B\uFF0C\u66FE\u6539\u540D\u6731\u8208\u5B97\uFF0C\u6295\u519B\u88AB\u90ED\u5B50\u5174\u53D6\u540D\u5143\u748B\uFF0C\u5B57\u56FD\u745E\uFF0C\u751F\u65BC\u6FE0\u5DDE\u949F\u79BB\u53BF\u3002\u5EDF\u865F\u300C\u592A\u7956\u300D\uFF0C\u8C25\u865F\u300C\u5F00\u5929\u884C\u9053\u8087\u7EAA\u7ACB\u6781\u5927\u5723\u81F3\u795E\u4EC1\u6587\u4E49\u6B66\u4FCA\u5FB7\u6210\u529F\u9AD8\u7687\u5E1D\u300D\uFF0C\u7D71\u7A31\u300C\u592A\u7956\u9AD8\u7687\u5E1D\u300D\u3002\u5728\u4F4D\u4E09\u5341\u4E00\u5E74\uFF0C\u56E0\u5E74\u53F7\u6D2A\u6B66\u4E5F\u4FD7\u7A31\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D\u3002\u592A\u7956\u4E4B\u5F8C\u7684\u7687\u5E1D\u9664\u660E\u82F1\u5B97\uFF08\u4E8C\u5EA6\u5728\u4F4D\uFF09\uFF0C\u7686\u5BE6\u884C\u4E00\u4E16\u4E00\u5143\u5236\u3002 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. . "Zh\u016B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng, Hongwu ou Hung-wu (em chin\u00EAs: \u6731\u5143\u748B; (21 de outubro de 1328 - 24 de junho de 1398) foi o imperador fundador da dinastia Ming da China. No meio do s\u00E9culo XIV, com a fome, pragas e revoltas camponesas que varriam todo o pa\u00EDs, Zhu subiu ao trono sobre os ex\u00E9rcitos que conquistaram a China e derrubaram a Dinastia Yuan, for\u00E7ando os mong\u00F3is a recuar para as estepes da \u00C1sia central. Ap\u00F3s a sua apreens\u00E3o da capital Yuan Khanbaliq (atual Pequim), Zhu afirmou o Mandato do c\u00E9u e estabeleceu a dinastia Ming em 1368. Confiando apenas a sua fam\u00EDlia, criou seus muitos filhos como poderosos pr\u00EDncipes feudais ao longo da marcha do norte e do vale do Yangtze. Tendo sobrevivido seu primeiro sucessor, o Imperador Hongwu entronizado seu neto por meio de uma s\u00E9rie de instru\u00E7\u00F5es, o que terminou em fracasso quando o Imperador Jianwen na tentativa de derrubar seus tios levou o imperador Yongle a uma rebeli\u00E3o bem sucedida."@pt . . "\u6731 \u5143\u748B\uFF08\u3057\u3085 \u3052\u3093\u3057\u3087\u3046\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u660E\u306E\u521D\u4EE3\u7687\u5E1D\u3002\u5EDF\u53F7\u306F\u592A\u7956\uFF08\u305F\u3044\u305D\uFF09\u3002\u8AE1\u53F7\u306F\u9AD8\u7687\u5E1D\uFF08\u3053\u3046\u3053\u3046\u3066\u3044\uFF09\u3002\u305D\u306E\u6CBB\u4E16\u306E\u5E74\u53F7\u300C\u6D2A\u6B66\u300D\u304B\u3089\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D\uFF08\u3053\u3046\u3076\u3066\u3044\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002 \u307E\u305F\u3001\u540D\u306F\u521D\u3081\u6731\u91CD\u516B\uFF08\u3057\u3085 \u3058\u3085\u3046\u306F\u3061\uFF09\u3068\u3044\u3044\u3001\u5F8C\u306B\u6731\u8208\u5B97\uFF08\u3057\u3085 \u3053\u3046\u305D\u3046\uFF09\u3068\u6539\u540D\u3057\u3001\u7D05\u5DFE\uFF08\u3053\u3046\u304D\u3093\uFF09\u8ECD\u306B\u53C2\u52A0\u3059\u308B\u9803\u306B\u3055\u3089\u306B\u6731\u5143\u748B\u3068\u6539\u540D\u3057\u3001\u5B57\u3092\u56FD\u745E\uFF08\u3053\u304F\u305A\u3044\uFF09\u3068\u3057\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . "986483583"^^ . . . . . "Zh\u016B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng, Hongwu ou Hung-wu (em chin\u00EAs: \u6731\u5143\u748B; (21 de outubro de 1328 - 24 de junho de 1398) foi o imperador fundador da dinastia Ming da China. No meio do s\u00E9culo XIV, com a fome, pragas e revoltas camponesas que varriam todo o pa\u00EDs, Zhu subiu ao trono sobre os ex\u00E9rcitos que conquistaram a China e derrubaram a Dinastia Yuan, for\u00E7ando os mong\u00F3is a recuar para as estepes da \u00C1sia central. Ap\u00F3s a sua apreens\u00E3o da capital Yuan Khanbaliq (atual Pequim), Zhu afirmou o Mandato do c\u00E9u e estabeleceu a dinastia Ming em 1368. Confiando apenas a sua fam\u00EDlia, criou seus muitos filhos como poderosos pr\u00EDncipes feudais ao longo da marcha do norte e do vale do Yangtze. Tendo sobrevivido seu primeiro sucessor, o Imperador Hongwu entronizado seu neto por meio de uma s\u00E9rie de instru\u00E7\u00F5es, o que terminou em f"@pt . "Chung-wu"@cs . "Zhu Yuanzhang eller Hongwu-kejsaren (\u6731\u5143\u748B; Zh\u016B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng), f\u00F6dd 1328, d\u00F6d 1398, var grundare av den kinesiska Mingdynastin och var dess f\u00F6rsta kejsare och regerade 1368 till 1398. Zhu Yuanzhang v\u00E4xte upp som fattig bonde och gjorde p\u00E5 milit\u00E4ra meriter klassresan hela v\u00E4gen till kejsartornen som Hongwu-kejsaren. Han var duglig som ledare och gjorde genom reformer stora framsteg f\u00F6r lantbruket, produktionen och ekonomin. Han var \u00E4ven mycket grym och beordrade stora m\u00E4ngder avr\u00E4ttningar."@sv . . . . "Zhu Bai, Prince Xian of Xiang"@en . . . . "H\u00F3ngw\u01D4 \u6D2A\u6B66 (Geburtsname \u6731\u5143\u748B Zh\u016B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng, Tempelname \u592A\u7956 T\u00E0iz\u01D4; * 21. September 1328; \u2020 24. Juni 1398) war der Gr\u00FCnder der Ming-Dynastie. Er regierte als Kaiser von 1368 bis 1398 \u00FCber China. Zhu Yuanzhang, der sp\u00E4tere Hongwu-Kaiser, kam aus einfachsten b\u00E4uerlichen Verh\u00E4ltnissen. Aufgrund starker Ambitionen gelang ihm der schnelle Aufstieg innerhalb der Rebellenbewegung Rote Turbane, schlie\u00DFlich der Sturz der Yuan-Dynastie und damit die Vertreibung des mongolischen Herrscherhauses. Er gr\u00FCndete 1368 nach dem Vorbild des ersten Han-Kaisers Gaozu die Ming-Dynastie und formte die Institutionen des Reiches so, wie sie bis zum Ende der Kaiserzeit Bestand haben sollten. Aufgrund seiner gro\u00DFen Leistungen wird er zu den bedeutendsten Kaisern Chinas gez\u00E4hlt."@de . . . . . . . . . "\uBA85 \uD0DC\uC870(\u660E \u592A\u7956, 1328\uB144 10\uC6D4 21\uC77C(\uC74C\uB825 9\uC6D4 18\uC77C) ~ 1398\uB144 6\uC6D4 24\uC77C(\uC74C\uB825 \uC724 5\uC6D4 10\uC77C)) \uD639\uC740 \uD64D\uBB34\uC81C(\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D) \uC8FC\uC6D0\uC7A5(\u6731\u5143\u748B)\uC740 \uBA85\uB098\uB77C\uC758 \uD0DC\uC870(\uC7AC\uC704 : 1368\uB144 ~ 1398\uB144)\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uC758 \uC131\uC740 \uC8FC(\u6731)\uC774\uACE0, \uC774\uB984\uC740 \uC6D0\uC7A5(\u5143\u748B)\uC774\uB2E4. \uC544\uBA85(\u5152\u540D)\uC740 \uC8FC\uC911\uD314(\u6731\u91CD\u516B), \uC8FC\uD765\uC885(\u6731\u8208\u5B97), \uC8FC\uB355\uC720(\u6731\u5FB7\u88D5)\uC774\uACE0 \uC790\uB294 \uAD6D\uC11C(\u570B\u745E)\uC774\uB2E4. \uBB18\uD638\uB294 \uD0DC\uC870(\u592A\u7956)\uC774\uACE0, \uC2DC\uD638\uB294 \uAC1C\uCC9C\uD589\uB3C4\uC870\uAE30\uC785\uADF9\uB300\uC131\uC9C0\uC2E0\uC778\uBB38\uC758\uBB34\uC900\uB355\uC131\uACF5\uACE0\uD669\uC81C(\u958B\u5929\u884C\u9053\u8087\u7D00\u7ACB\u6975\u5927\u8056\u81F3\u795E\u4EC1\u6587\u7FA9\u6B66\u4FCA\u5FB7\u6210\u529F\u9AD8\u7687\u5E1D)\uC774\uB2E4. \uC808\uC77C\uC740 \uCC9C\uC218\uC131\uC808(\u5929\u58FD\u8056\u7BC0)\uC774\uB2E4. \uD638\uC8FC(\u6FE0\u5DDE) \uC885\uB9AC\uD604(\u937E\u96E2\u7E23) \uD55C\uC871 \uBE48\uB18D\uAC00\uBB38\uC5D0\uC11C \uD0DC\uC5B4\uB098 \uD798\uB4E0 \uC131\uC7A5\uAE30\uB97C \uBCF4\uB0B4\uB2E4 10\uB300 \uD6C4\uBC18\uC5D0 \uD669\uAC01\uC0AC(\u7687\u89BA\u5BFA)\uB77C\uB294 \uC808\uC5D0\uC11C \uCD9C\uAC00\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uD0C1\uBC1C\uC2B9(\u6258\u9262\u50E7)\uC774 \uB418\uC5B4 \uC5EC\uB7EC\uACF3\uC744 \uC804\uC804\uD558\uB2E4 20\uB300 \uCD08\uBC18\uC5D0 \uD64D\uAC74\uC801(\u7D05\u5DFE\u8CCA)\uC5D0 \uB4E4\uC5B4\uAC00 \uACFD\uC790\uD765\uC758 \uD718\uD558\uC5D0\uC11C \uD65C\uC57D\uD558\uC600\uACE0, \uACFD\uC790\uD765\uC758 \uC591\uB140 \uB9C8\uC528\uC640 \uACB0\uD63C\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uACFD\uC790\uD765\uC758 \uAD70\uB300\uAC00 \uBD84\uC5F4\uB418\uC790 \uB3C5\uC790\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uAD70\uB300\uB97C \uBAA8\uC544 \uC138\uB825\uC744 \uD0A4\uC6CC\uB098\uAC14\uC73C\uBA70 \uC6D0\uB098\uB77C \uAC15\uB0A8(\u6C5F\u5357)\uC758 \uAC70\uC810\uC778 \uB0A8\uACBD(\u5357\u4EAC)\uC744 \uC810\uB839\uD588\uB2E4. 1366\uB144 \uC2A4\uC2A4\uB85C \uC624\uC655\uC774\uB77C \uCE6D\uD558\uACE0 \uAC01\uC9C0\uC758 \uAD70\uC6C5\uB4E4\uC744 \uAD74\uBCF5\uC2DC\uD0A8 \uB4A4 1368\uB144 \uC2A4\uC2A4\uB85C \uC790\uB9BD\uD574 \uD669\uC81C\uC5D0 \uC62C\uB77C \uB300\uBA85\uC744 \uAC74\uAD6D\uD588\uB2E4. \uC774\uD6C4 \uADF8\uB294 \uD55C\uC871 \uC655\uC870 \uD68C\uBCF5\uC758 \uAE30\uCE58\uB97C \uBA85\uBD84\uC73C\uB85C \uD558\uACE0, \uC9C0\uBC29\uAD00\uC758 \uD589\uC815, \uC785\uBC95, \uAD70\uC0AC \uAD8C\uD55C\uC744 \uBD84\uC0B0\uC2DC\uCF1C \uC11C\uB85C \uACAC\uC81C\uD558\uAC8C \uD558\uB294 \uD55C\uD3B8 \uC911\uC11C\uC131\uC744 \uD601\uD30C\uD558\uACE0 6\uBD80 \uC0C1\uC11C\uB4E4\uC5D0\uAC8C \uC9C1\uC811 \uACB0\uC81C\uBC1B\uB294 \uB4F1, \uC911\uC559\uC9D1\uAD8C\uCCB4\uC81C \uD655\uB9BD\uACFC \uD669\uAD8C \uAC15\uD654\uB97C \uAF80\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uBC18\uC6D0, \uBC18\uBABD\uACE8\uACFC \uD55C\uC871\uC758 \uAD6D\uAC00 \uC7AC\uAC74\uC744 \uAE30\uCE58\uB85C \uBD81\uBC8C\uAD70\uC744 \uC77C\uC73C\uCF1C \uC9C1\uC811 \uC9C0\uD718, 1388\uB144 \uBABD\uACE8\uC871\uC744 \uB9CC\uB9AC\uC7A5\uC131 \uBC16\uC73C\uB85C \uCD95\uCD9C\uD558\uACE0 \uC911\uC6D0\uC744 \uD1B5\uC77C\uD588\uB2E4. \uC655\uC870 \uC131\uB9BD \uB4A4\uC5D0\uB294 \uC9C0\uC5ED \uD1A0\uD638 \uBC0F \uACF5\uC2E0\uC138\uB825\uC744 \uC219\uCCAD\uD558\uACE0 \uC9C0\uBC29\uAD00 \uD30C\uACAC\uACFC \uC81C\uD6C4\uAD6D \uBD09\uC9C0 \uC784\uBA85 \uB4F1\uC73C\uB85C \uC911\uC559\uC9D1\uAD8C\uC801 \uCCB4\uC81C\uB97C \uD655\uB9BD\uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4. \uB610\uD55C \uD55C\uC871\uC758 \uBB38\uD654\uB97C \uBD80\uD765\uC2DC\uD0A4\uB824 \uB178\uB825\uD588\uB2E4. \uC720\uAD50 \uC0AC\uC0C1\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uC790\uAE09\uC790\uC871 \uB18D\uACBD \uC0AC\uD68C\uB97C \uAD6C\uCD95\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uB178\uB825\uD588\uACE0, \uB300\uC678\uC801\uC73C\uB85C\uB294 \uC2E0\uC911\uD55C \uC785\uC7A5\uC744 \uCDE8\uD588\uB2E4. \uACF5\uC2E0\uB4E4\uC758 \uB300\uB7C9\uC219\uCCAD\uC744 \uAC10\uD589\uD558\uB294 \uBE44\uC815\uC0C1\uC801\uC778 \uACF5\uD3EC\uC815\uCE58\uB97C \uD3BC\uCCE4\uB2E4\uB294 \uBD80\uC815\uC801\uC778 \uC2DC\uAC01\uB3C4 \uC874\uC7AC\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC2DC\uD638\uB294 \uACE0\uD669\uC81C(\u9AD8\u7687\u5E1D)\uC774\uB2E4."@ko . . "1123902474"^^ . . . . . . . . "Hongwu (ur. 21 pa\u017Adziernika 1328, zm. 24 czerwca 1398) \u2013 pierwszy cesarz Chin (1368-1398) z dynastii Ming. Urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 jako Zhu Yuanzhang (chi\u0144. \u6731\u5143\u748B) w biednej rodzinie ch\u0142opskiej w prowincji Jiangsu w gminie . Poniewa\u017C rodzina g\u0142odowa\u0142a, cz\u0119\u015B\u0107 rodze\u0144stwa zosta\u0142a oddana przez rodzic\u00F3w. Gdy mia\u0142 16 lat reszta jego rodziny zgin\u0119\u0142a w wyniku powodzi Huang He. Znalaz\u0142 schronienie w klasztorze buddyjskim, kt\u00F3ry wkr\u00F3tce musia\u0142 opu\u015Bci\u0107 z powodu braku pieni\u0119dzy w klasztorze. Nast\u0119pnie podr\u00F3\u017Cowa\u0142 \u017Cebrz\u0105c o jedzenie. Po trzech latach wr\u00F3ci\u0142 do klasztoru, gdzie nauczy\u0142 si\u0119 czyta\u0107 i pisa\u0107. W 1352, gdy mia\u0142 24 lata, wojska mongolskiej dynastii zburzy\u0142y klasztor walcz\u0105c z miejscow\u0105 rebeli\u0105, jedn\u0105 z wielu w Chinach. Zhu przy\u0142\u0105czy\u0142 si\u0119 do jednej z nich szybko staj\u0105c si\u0119 przyw\u00F3dc\u0105 dzi\u0119ki swoim umiej\u0119tno\u015Bcio"@pl . . . . . . . "Zhu Dong, Prince Jing of Ying"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uBA85 \uD0DC\uC870(\u660E \u592A\u7956, \uC6D0 \uCC9C\uB825 \uC6D0\uB144 9\uC6D4 18\uC77C(1328\uB144 10\uC6D4 21\uC77C) ~ \uD64D\uBB34 31\uB144 \uC724 5\uC6D4 10\uC77C(1398\uB144 6\uC6D4 24\uC77C)) \uD639\uC740 \uD64D\uBB34\uC81C(\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D)\uB294 \uBA85\uB098\uB77C\uC758 \uD0DC\uC870(\uC7AC\uC704 : 1368\uB144 ~ 1398\uB144)\uC774\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Zhu Yuanzhang, Hongwu o Hung-wu (\u6731\u5143\u748B), fue el primer emperador y fundador de la dinast\u00EDa Ming de China, quien expuls\u00F3 a los mongoles e instaur\u00F3 exitosamente el sistema administrativo de los Ming, el cual perdurar\u00EDa casi tres siglos hasta la conquista manch\u00FA de 1644."@es . . . . . . . . . . "Consorts"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Zhu Gang, Prince Gong of Jin"@en . . . . "\u6731\u5143\u748B"@zh . . . . "H\u00F3ngw\u01D4 D\u00EC"@en . . "Kaisar Hongwu (Hanzi: \u6D2A\u6B66, lahir di , Provinsi Anhui, 21 Oktober 1328 \u2013 meninggal 24 Juni 1398 pada umur 69 tahun), yang nama aslinya Zhu Yuanzhang (\u6731\u5143\u748B), adalah pendiri dan kaisar pertama Dinasti Ming di Tiongkok. Ia menjadi kaisar dan mendirikan dinastinya setelah berhasil menggulingkan Dinasti Yuan (Mongol). Dalam sejarah Tiongkok, Zhu Yuanzhang adalah satu dari dua kaisar yang berasal dari golongan rakyat jelata (yang lain adalah Liu Bang/ Kaisar Han Gaozu, pendiri Dinasti Han). Ia adalah seorang kaisar yang kontroversial, di satu pihak ia memperhatikan kesejahteraan rakyatnya dan berusaha keras meningkatkan taraf hidup mereka, tetapi ia juga seorang tiran yang mengebiri kebebasan dan membunuh orang-orang yang membantunya naik ke kekuasaan yang dicurigai berpotensi merebut tahtanya."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "A Seated Portrait of Ming Emperor Taizu, by an unknown artist from the Ming dynasty"@en . . . . "Zhu Hui, Prince of Gu"@en . . . . . . "1368"^^ . . . "Zhu Yuanzhang, Hongwu o Hung-wu \u2013en xin\u00E8s: \u6731\u5143\u748B\u2013 (21 de setembre de 1328 \u2013 24 de juny de 1398) fou l'emperador fundador de la dinastia Ming de la Xina. La dinastia va sorgir d'entre la dinastia Yuan, creada pels kan, \u00E9s a dir, l'Imperi Mongol. El primer Ming, doncs, fill de pagesos, aconsegueix el tron dels ex\u00E8rcits que varen conquistar la Xina i va acabar per fer recular els Yuan, i per conseg\u00FCent els mongols. Afirmant el mandat del cel, l'any 1368 estableix la seva pr\u00F2pia dinastia i impulsa una s\u00E8rie de reformes primordials que li permetran conservar el c\u00E0rrec durant molt de temps. En l'\u00E8poca on a les monarquies europees es comen\u00E7ava a contestar les reialeses, Hongwu va abolir el c\u00E0rrec de primer ministre de l'imperi i va revisar el codi legal per tal d'assegurar-se el poder absolut. El s"@ca . . . . . . "Hung2-wu3 Ti4"@en . . . . . . . "\u660E\u592A\u7956\u6731\u5143\u748B\uFF081328\u5E7410\u670821\u65E5\uFF0D1398\u5E746\u670824\u65E5\uFF09\uFF0C\u6216\u7A31\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D\uFF0C\u660E\u671D\u958B\u570B\u7687\u5E1D\uFF0C\u539F\u540D\u6731\u91CD\u516B\uFF0C\u66FE\u6539\u540D\u6731\u8208\u5B97\uFF0C\u6295\u519B\u88AB\u90ED\u5B50\u5174\u53D6\u540D\u5143\u748B\uFF0C\u5B57\u56FD\u745E\uFF0C\u751F\u65BC\u6FE0\u5DDE\u949F\u79BB\u53BF\u3002\u5EDF\u865F\u300C\u592A\u7956\u300D\uFF0C\u8C25\u865F\u300C\u5F00\u5929\u884C\u9053\u8087\u7EAA\u7ACB\u6781\u5927\u5723\u81F3\u795E\u4EC1\u6587\u4E49\u6B66\u4FCA\u5FB7\u6210\u529F\u9AD8\u7687\u5E1D\u300D\uFF0C\u7D71\u7A31\u300C\u592A\u7956\u9AD8\u7687\u5E1D\u300D\u3002\u5728\u4F4D\u4E09\u5341\u4E00\u5E74\uFF0C\u56E0\u5E74\u53F7\u6D2A\u6B66\u4E5F\u4FD7\u7A31\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D\u3002\u592A\u7956\u4E4B\u5F8C\u7684\u7687\u5E1D\u9664\u660E\u82F1\u5B97\uFF08\u4E8C\u5EA6\u5728\u4F4D\uFF09\uFF0C\u7686\u5BE6\u884C\u4E00\u4E16\u4E00\u5143\u5236\u3002 \u6731\u5143\u748B\u51FA\u8EAB\u8D2B\u519C\u5BB6\u5EAD\uFF0C\u5E7C\u65F6\u8D2B\u7A77\uFF0C\u66FE\u4E3A\u5730\u4E3B\u653E\u725B\u3002\u5F8C\u56E0\u707D\u8B8A\uFF0C\u66FE\u4E00\u5EA6\u5243\u9AEE\u51FA\u5BB6\uFF0C\u56DB\u51FA\u6D41\u6D6A\uFF0C\u5316\u7DE3\u70BA\u751F\uFF0C25\u5C81\uFF081352\u5E74\uFF09\u65F6\uFF0C\u53C2\u52A0\u90ED\u5B50\u5174\u9886\u5BFC\u7684\u7EA2\u5DFE\u519B\u53CD\u6297\u8499\u5143\u653F\u6743\u3002\u5148\u5F8C\u51FB\u8D25\u4E86\u9648\u53CB\u8C05\u3001\u5F20\u58EB\u8BDA\u7B49\u5176\u4ED6\u8AF8\u4FAF\u8ECD\u95A5\uFF0C\u7EDF\u4E00\u5357\u65B9\uFF0C\u5F8C\u5317\u4F10\u706D\u5143\uFF0C\u5EFA\u7ACB\u5927\u4E00\u7D71\u7684\u5C01\u5EFA\u7687\u671D\u653F\u6B0A\uFF0C\u56FD\u53F7\u201C\u5927\u660E\u201D\u3002 \u660E\u592A\u7956\u5728\u4F4D\u671F\u95F4\uFF0C\u70BA\u5176\u5BB6\u65CF\u80FD\u5920\u9577\u671F\u7D71\u6CBB\u5E73\u6C11\u7528\u6B98\u9177\u65B9\u6CD5\u6BBA\u5BB3\u4E86\u8A31\u591A\u4EBA, \u81EA\u8457\u5927\u8AA5\u4E09\u7DE8\u5BA3\u63DA\u90E8\u4EFD\u7D93\u904E\u3002\u64DA\u81E3\u4E0B\u5289\u8FB0\u6240\u8457\u570B\u521D\u4E8B\u8DE1\u4ED6\u53C8\u767C\u660E\u4F7F\u7528\u591A\u7A2E\u6B98\u9177\u6BBA\u4EBA\u65B9\u6CD5\u3002"@zh . "Yongle Emperor"@en . . . "\u885E\u6240\u5236"@en . . . . "Zhu Mo, Prince Jian of Shen"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hongwu (zijn persoonlijke naam was Zhu Yuanzhang) of Tai Zu (21 oktober 1328 \u2013 24 juni 1398) was keizer van China en de oprichter en eerste heerser van de Mingdynastie. Hij regeerde van 1368 tot 1398."@nl . . . . . . . . . "Zhu Pian, Prince Zhuang of Min"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Imperiestro \u0134u Juan\u0135ang a\u016D Hongwu (\u0109ine \u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D, H\u00F3ngw\u01D4d\u00EC; 21-a de oktobro 1328 \u2013 24-a de junio 1398), konata anka\u016D per sia nomo Zhu Yuanzhang (\u0109ine \u6731\u5143\u748B) kaj per sia postmorta nomo Ming Taizu (\u0109ine \u660E\u592A\u7956, lit. \"Granda Praulo de Ming\"), estis la fondinto kaj unua imperiestro de la Dinastio Ming de \u0108inio. Lia la\u016Dregna nomo Hongwu signifas \"ege milita.\" Plej el historiaj lokoj rilataj al \u0134u Juan\u0135ang situantas en Nankino, la origina \u0109efurbo de lia dinastio."@eo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0427\u0436\u0443\u0301 \u042E\u0430\u043D\u044C\u0447\u0436\u0430\u0301\u043D (\u043A\u0438\u0442.: \u6731\u5143\u748B; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: Zh\u016B Yu\u00E1nzh\u0101ng), \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u0456\u043C'\u044F \u0422\u0430\u0439\u0446\u0437\u0443 (\u043A\u0438\u0442.: \u592A\u7956; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: Taizu; 21 \u0436\u043E\u0432\u0442\u043D\u044F 1328 \u2014 24 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043D\u044F 1398) \u2014 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0456 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0456\u044F\u0447. \u0417\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A \u0456 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u041C\u0456\u043D. \u041F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0432 \u0437 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0431\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043D. \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0443 \u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0433\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u043E\u043A \u0443 1351\u20131366 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0445. \u0412\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u043E\u043B\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0446\u044F \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0445. \u041F\u0456\u0434\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043D \u0440\u0456\u0447\u043A\u0438 \u042F\u043D\u0446\u0437\u0438, \u0430 \u0437\u0433\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043C \u2014 \u0443\u0441\u044E \u0426\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0443 \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0443. 1368 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u041C\u0456\u043D. \u0412\u0438\u0433\u043D\u0430\u0432 \u0437 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044E \u043C\u043E\u043D\u0433\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0443 \u043F\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0432 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0431\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F. \u0417\u0430\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438 \u041C\u0456\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u0430\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0432 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0457 \u0434\u043E 1644 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443. \u041F\u043E\u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043D\u0435 \u0456\u043C'\u044F \u2014 \u0406\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0490\u0430\u043E. \u0414\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0437 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F \u2014 \u0425\u0443\u043D'\u0443. \u0406\u043D\u0448\u0435 \u0456\u043C'\u044F, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0437\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u2014 \u0406\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0425\u0443\u043D'\u0443\u0301 (\u043A\u0438\u0442.: \u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: H\u00F3ngw\u01D4-d\u00EC)."@uk . . . . "Zhu Quan, Prince Xian of Ning"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uBA85 \uD0DC\uC870(\u660E \u592A\u7956, 1328\uB144 10\uC6D4 21\uC77C(\uC74C\uB825 9\uC6D4 18\uC77C) ~ 1398\uB144 6\uC6D4 24\uC77C(\uC74C\uB825 \uC724 5\uC6D4 10\uC77C)) \uD639\uC740 \uD64D\uBB34\uC81C(\u6D2A\u6B66\u5E1D) \uC8FC\uC6D0\uC7A5(\u6731\u5143\u748B)\uC740 \uBA85\uB098\uB77C\uC758 \uD0DC\uC870(\uC7AC\uC704 : 1368\uB144 ~ 1398\uB144)\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uC758 \uC131\uC740 \uC8FC(\u6731)\uC774\uACE0, \uC774\uB984\uC740 \uC6D0\uC7A5(\u5143\u748B)\uC774\uB2E4. \uC544\uBA85(\u5152\u540D)\uC740 \uC8FC\uC911\uD314(\u6731\u91CD\u516B), \uC8FC\uD765\uC885(\u6731\u8208\u5B97), \uC8FC\uB355\uC720(\u6731\u5FB7\u88D5)\uC774\uACE0 \uC790\uB294 \uAD6D\uC11C(\u570B\u745E)\uC774\uB2E4. \uBB18\uD638\uB294 \uD0DC\uC870(\u592A\u7956)\uC774\uACE0, \uC2DC\uD638\uB294 \uAC1C\uCC9C\uD589\uB3C4\uC870\uAE30\uC785\uADF9\uB300\uC131\uC9C0\uC2E0\uC778\uBB38\uC758\uBB34\uC900\uB355\uC131\uACF5\uACE0\uD669\uC81C(\u958B\u5929\u884C\u9053\u8087\u7D00\u7ACB\u6975\u5927\u8056\u81F3\u795E\u4EC1\u6587\u7FA9\u6B66\u4FCA\u5FB7\u6210\u529F\u9AD8\u7687\u5E1D)\uC774\uB2E4. \uC808\uC77C\uC740 \uCC9C\uC218\uC131\uC808(\u5929\u58FD\u8056\u7BC0)\uC774\uB2E4. \uBC18\uC6D0, \uBC18\uBABD\uACE8\uACFC \uD55C\uC871\uC758 \uAD6D\uAC00 \uC7AC\uAC74\uC744 \uAE30\uCE58\uB85C \uBD81\uBC8C\uAD70\uC744 \uC77C\uC73C\uCF1C \uC9C1\uC811 \uC9C0\uD718, 1388\uB144 \uBABD\uACE8\uC871\uC744 \uB9CC\uB9AC\uC7A5\uC131 \uBC16\uC73C\uB85C \uCD95\uCD9C\uD558\uACE0 \uC911\uC6D0\uC744 \uD1B5\uC77C\uD588\uB2E4. \uC655\uC870 \uC131\uB9BD \uB4A4\uC5D0\uB294 \uC9C0\uC5ED \uD1A0\uD638 \uBC0F \uACF5\uC2E0\uC138\uB825\uC744 \uC219\uCCAD\uD558\uACE0 \uC9C0\uBC29\uAD00 \uD30C\uACAC\uACFC \uC81C\uD6C4\uAD6D \uBD09\uC9C0 \uC784\uBA85 \uB4F1\uC73C\uB85C \uC911\uC559\uC9D1\uAD8C\uC801 \uCCB4\uC81C\uB97C \uD655\uB9BD\uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4. \uB610\uD55C \uD55C\uC871\uC758 \uBB38\uD654\uB97C \uBD80\uD765\uC2DC\uD0A4\uB824 \uB178\uB825\uD588\uB2E4. \uC720\uAD50 \uC0AC\uC0C1\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uC790\uAE09\uC790\uC871 \uB18D\uACBD \uC0AC\uD68C\uB97C \uAD6C\uCD95\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uB178\uB825\uD588\uACE0, \uB300\uC678\uC801\uC73C\uB85C\uB294 \uC2E0\uC911\uD55C \uC785\uC7A5\uC744 \uCDE8\uD588\uB2E4. \uACF5\uC2E0\uB4E4\uC758 \uB300\uB7C9\uC219\uCCAD\uC744 \uAC10\uD589\uD558\uB294 \uBE44\uC815\uC0C1\uC801\uC778 \uACF5\uD3EC\uC815\uCE58\uB97C \uD3BC\uCCE4\uB2E4\uB294 \uBD80\uC815\uC801\uC778 \uC2DC\uAC01\uB3C4 \uC874\uC7AC\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC2DC\uD638\uB294 \uACE0\uD669\uC81C(\u9AD8\u7687\u5E1D)\uC774\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Zhu Song, Prince Xian of Han"@en . . . . "Kaisar Hongwu"@in . . . . "The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 \u2013 24 June 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang (Chinese: \u6731\u5143\u748B; Wade\u2013Giles: Chu Yuan-chang), courtesy name Guorui (simplified Chinese: \u56FD\u745E; traditional Chinese: \u570B\u745E), was the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty of China, reigning from 1368 to 1398. The era of Hongwu was noted for its tolerance of minorities and religions; Ma Zhou, the Chinese historian, indicates that the Hongwu ordered the renovation and construction of many mosques in Xi\u2019an and Nanjing. Wang Daiyu also recorded that the emperor wrote 100 characters praising Islam, Baizi zan."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Zhu Tan, Prince Huang of Lu"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Zhu Yi, Prince Li of Yi"@en . . . . . . . . "Zhu Yuanzhang"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hongwu"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .